Scholar's Hub

Misspecification in Inverse Reinforcement Learning

• Joar Skalse, A. Abate

• ArXiv

• December 6, 2022

The aim of Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is to infer a reward function $R$ from a policy $\pi$. To do this, we need a model of how $\pi$ relates to $R$. In the current literature, the most common models are optimality, Boltzmann rationality, and causal entropy maximisation. One of the primary motivations behind IRL is to infer human preferences from human behaviour. However, the true relationship between human preferences and human behaviour is much more complex than any of the models currently used in IRL. This means that they are misspecified, which raises the worry that they might lead to unsound inferences if applied to real-world data. In this paper, we provide a mathematical analysis of how robust different IRL models are to misspecification, and answer precisely how the demonstrator policy may differ from each of the standard models before that model leads to faulty inferences about the reward function $R$. We also introduce a framework for reasoning about misspecification in IRL, together with formal tools that can be used to easily derive the misspecification robustness of new IRL models.

Online certification of preference-based fairness for personalized recommender systems

• Virginie Do, S. Corbett-Davies, J. Atif, Nicolas Usunier

• AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• April 29, 2021

Recommender systems are facing scrutiny because of their growing impact on the opportunities we have access to. Current audits for fairness are limited to coarse-grained parity assessments at the level of sensitive groups. We propose to audit for envy-freeness, a more granular criterion aligned with individual preferences: every user should prefer their recommendations to those of other users. Since auditing for envy requires to estimate the preferences of users beyond their existing recommendations, we cast the audit as a new pure exploration problem in multi-armed bandits. We propose a sample-efficient algorithm with theoretical guarantees that it does not deteriorate user experience. We also study the trade-offs achieved on real-world recommendation datasets.

From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Models

• Shangbin Feng, Chan Young Park, Yuhan Liu, Yulia Tsvetkov

• Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

• May 15, 2023

Language models (LMs) are pretrained on diverse data sources—news, discussion forums, books, online encyclopedias. A significant portion of this data includes facts and opinions which, on one hand, celebrate democracy and diversity of ideas, and on the other hand are inherently socially biased. Our work develops new methods to (1) measure media biases in LMs trained on such corpora, along social and economic axes, and (2) measure the fairness of downstream NLP models trained on top of politically biased LMs. We focus on hate speech and misinformation detection, aiming to empirically quantify the effects of political (social, economic) biases in pretraining data on the fairness of high-stakes social-oriented tasks. Our findings reveal that pretrained LMs do have political leanings which reinforce the polarization present in pretraining corpora, propagating social biases into hate speech predictions and media biases into misinformation detectors. We discuss the implications of our findings for NLP research and propose future directions to mitigate unfairness.

What the DAAM: Interpreting Stable Diffusion Using Cross Attention

• Raphael Tang, Akshat Pandey, Zhiying Jiang, Gefei Yang, K. Kumar, Jimmy Lin, Ferhan Ture

• Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

• October 10, 2022

Diffusion models are a milestone in text-to-image generation, but they remain poorly understood, lacking interpretability analyses. In this paper, we perform a text-image attribution analysis on Stable Diffusion, a recently open-sourced model. To produce attribution maps, we upscale and aggregate cross-attention maps in the denoising module, naming our method DAAM. We validate it by testing its segmentation ability on nouns, as well as its generalized attribution quality on all parts of speech, rated by humans. On two generated datasets, we attain a competitive 58.8-64.8 mIoU on noun segmentation and fair to good mean opinion scores (3.4-4.2) on generalized attribution. Then, we apply DAAM to study the role of syntax in the pixel space across head–dependent heat map interaction patterns for ten common dependency relations. We show that, for some relations, the head map consistently subsumes the dependent, while the opposite is true for others. Finally, we study several semantic phenomena, focusing on feature entanglement; we find that the presence of cohyponyms worsens generation quality by 9%, and descriptive adjectives attend too broadly. We are the first to interpret large diffusion models from a visuolinguistic perspective, which enables future research. Our code is at https://github.com/castorini/daam.

Do Androids Laugh at Electric Sheep? Humor “Understanding” Benchmarks from The New Yorker Caption Contest

• Jack Hessel, Ana Marasović, Jena D. Hwang, Lillian Lee, Jeff Da, Rowan Zellers, Robert Mankoff, Yejin Choi

• Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

• September 13, 2022

Large neural networks can now generate jokes, but do they really “understand” humor? We challenge AI models with three tasks derived from the New Yorker Cartoon Caption Contest: matching a joke to a cartoon, identifying a winning caption, and explaining why a winning caption is funny. These tasks encapsulate progressively more sophisticated aspects of “understanding” a cartoon; key elements are the complex, often surprising relationships between images and captions and the frequent inclusion of indirect and playful allusions to human experience and culture. We investigate both multimodal and language-only models: the former are challenged with the cartoon images directly, while the latter are given multifaceted descriptions of the visual scene to simulate human-level visual understanding. We find that both types of models struggle at all three tasks. For example, our best multimodal models fall 30 accuracy points behind human performance on the matching task, and, even when provided ground-truth visual scene descriptors, human-authored explanations are preferred head-to-head over the best machine-authored ones (few-shot GPT-4) in more than 2/3 of cases. We release models, code, leaderboard, and corpus, which includes newly-gathered annotations describing the image’s locations/entities, what’s unusual in the scene, and an explanation of the joke.

Learned Incremental Representations for Parsing

• Nikita Kitaev, T. Lu, D. Klein

• Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

• December 31, 2021

We present an incremental syntactic representation that consists of assigning a single discrete label to each word in a sentence, where the label is predicted using strictly incremental processing of a prefix of the sentence, and the sequence of labels for a sentence fully determines a parse tree. Our goal is to induce a syntactic representation that commits to syntactic choices only as they are incrementally revealed by the input, in contrast with standard representations that must make output choices such as attachments speculatively and later throw out conflicting analyses. Our learned representations achieve 93.72 F1 on the Penn Treebank with as few as 5 bits per word, and at 8 bits per word they achieve 94.97 F1, which is comparable with other state of the art parsing models when using the same pre-trained embeddings. We also provide an analysis of the representations learned by our system, investigating properties such as the interpretable syntactic features captured by the system and mechanisms for deferred resolution of syntactic ambiguities.

D-HYPR: Harnessing Neighborhood Modeling and Asymmetry Preservation for Digraph Representation Learning

• Honglu Zhou, Advith Chegu, Samuel S. Sohn, Zuohui Fu, Gerard de Melo, M. Kapadia

• Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management

• December 22, 2021

Digraph Representation Learning (DRL) aims to learn representations for directed homogeneous graphs (digraphs). Prior work in DRL is largely constrained (e.g., limited to directed acyclic graphs), or has poor generalizability across tasks (e.g., evaluated solely on one task). Most Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) exhibit poor performance on digraphs due to the neglect of modeling neighborhoods and preserving asymmetry. In this paper, we address these notable challenges by leveraging hyperbolic collaborative learning from multi-ordered and partitioned neighborhoods, and regularizers inspired by socio-psychological factors. Our resulting formalism, Digraph Hyperbolic Networks (D-HYPR) -- albeit conceptually simple -- generalizes to digraphs where cycles and non-transitive relations are common, and is applicable to multiple downstream tasks including node classification, link presence prediction, and link property prediction. In order to assess the effectiveness of D-HYPR, extensive evaluations were performed across 8 real-world digraph datasets involving 21 prior techniques. D-HYPR statistically significantly outperforms the current state of the art. We release our code at https://github.com/hongluzhou/dhypr

Planning-oriented Autonomous Driving

• Yi Hu, Jiazhi Yang, Li Chen, Keyu Li, Chonghao Sima, Xizhou Zhu, Siqi Chai, Senyao Du, Tianwei Lin, Wen Wang, Lewei Lu, Xiaosong Jia, Qiang Liu, Jifeng Dai, Yu Qiao, Hongyang Li

• December 20, 2022

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction, and planning. In order to perform a wide diversity of tasks and achieve advanced-level intelligence, contemporary approaches either deploy standalone models for individual tasks, or design a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. However, they might suffer from accumulative errors or deficient task coordination. Instead, we argue that a favorable framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e., planning of the self-driving car. Oriented at this, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction, and prioritize the tasks such that all these tasks contribute to planning. We introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), a comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query interfaces to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven by substantially outperforming previous state-of-the-arts in all aspects. Code and models are public.

Visual Programming: Compositional visual reasoning without training

• Tanmay Gupta, Aniruddha Kembhavi

• ArXiv

• November 18, 2022

We present VISPROG, a neuro-symbolic approach to solving complex and compositional visual tasks given natural language instructions. VISPROG avoids the need for any task-specific training. Instead, it uses the in-context learning ability of large language models to generate python-like modular programs, which are then executed to get both the solution and a comprehensive and interpretable rationale. Each line of the generated program may invoke one of several off-the-shelf computer vision models, image processing routines, or python functions to produce intermediate outputs that may be consumed by subsequent parts of the program. We demonstrate the flexibility of VISPROG on 4 diverse tasks - compositional visual question answering, zero-shot reasoning on image pairs, factual knowledge object tagging, and language-guided image editing. We believe neuro-symbolic approaches like VISPROG are an exciting avenue to easily and effectively expand the scope of AI systems to serve the long tail of complex tasks that people may wish to perform.

Learning to Solve Hard Minimal Problems

• Petr Hrubý, Timothy Duff, A. Leykin, T. Pajdla

• 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

• December 6, 2021

We present an approach to solving hard geometric optimization problems in the RANSAC framework. The hard minimal problems arise from relaxing the original geometric optimization problem into a minimal problem with many spurious solutions. Our approach avoids computing large numbers of spurious solutions. We design a learning strategy for selecting a starting problem-solution pair that can be numerically continued to the problem and the solution of interest. We demonstrate our approach by developing a RANSAC solver for the problem of computing the relative pose of three calibrated cameras, via a minimal relaxation using four points in each view. On average, we can solve a single problem in under $70\ \mu s$. We also benchmark and study our engineering choices on the very familiar problem of computing the relative pose of two calibrated cameras, via the minimal case of five points in two views.

Faster Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding with Confidence-based Pruning

• Julius Cheng, Andreas Vlachos

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• November 25, 2023

Minimum Bayes risk (MBR) decoding outputs the hypothesis with the highest expected utility over the model distribution for some utility function. It has been shown to improve accuracy over beam search in conditional language generation problems and especially neural machine translation, in both human and automatic evaluations. However, the standard sampling-based algorithm for MBR is substantially more computationally expensive than beam search, requiring a large number of samples as well as a quadratic number of calls to the utility function, limiting its applicability. We describe an algorithm for MBR which gradually grows the number of samples used to estimate the utility while pruning hypotheses that are unlikely to have the highest utility according to confidence estimates obtained with bootstrap sampling. Our method requires fewer samples and drastically reduces the number of calls to the utility function compared to standard MBR while being statistically indistinguishable in terms of accuracy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in experiments on three language pairs, using chrF++ and COMET as utility/evaluation metrics.

Ignore This Title and HackAPrompt: Exposing Systemic Vulnerabilities of LLMs through a Global Scale Prompt Hacking Competition

• Sander Schulhoff, Jeremy Pinto, Anaum Khan, Louis-Franccois Bouchard, Chenglei Si, Svetlina Anati, Valen Tagliabue, Anson Liu Kost, Christopher Carnahan, Jordan L. Boyd-Graber

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• October 24, 2023

Large Language Models (LLMs) are deployed in interactive contexts with direct user engagement, such as chatbots and writing assistants. These deployments are vulnerable to prompt injection and jailbreaking (collectively, prompt hacking), in which models are manipulated to ignore their original instructions and follow potentially malicious ones. Although widely acknowledged as a significant security threat, there is a dearth of large-scale resources and quantitative studies on prompt hacking. To address this lacuna, we launch a global prompt hacking competition, which allows for free-form human input attacks. We elicit 600K+ adversarial prompts against three state-of-the-art LLMs. We describe the dataset, which empirically verifies that current LLMs can indeed be manipulated via prompt hacking. We also present a comprehensive taxonomical ontology of the types of adversarial prompts.

Label Words are Anchors: An Information Flow Perspective for Understanding In-Context Learning

• Lean Wang, Lei Li, Damai Dai, Deli Chen, Hao Zhou, Fandong Meng, Jie Zhou, Xu Sun

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• May 23, 2023

In-context learning (ICL) emerges as a promising capability of large language models (LLMs) by providing them with demonstration examples to perform diverse tasks. However, the underlying mechanism of how LLMs learn from the provided context remains under-explored. In this paper, we investigate the working mechanism of ICL through an information flow lens. Our findings reveal that label words in the demonstration examples function as anchors: (1) semantic information aggregates into label word representations during the shallow computation layers' processing; (2) the consolidated information in label words serves as a reference for LLMs' final predictions. Based on these insights, we introduce an anchor re-weighting method to improve ICL performance, a demonstration compression technique to expedite inference, and an analysis framework for diagnosing ICL errors in GPT2-XL. The promising applications of our findings again validate the uncovered ICL working mechanism and pave the way for future studies.

PaperMage: A Unified Toolkit for Processing, Representing, and Manipulating Visually-Rich Scientific Documents

• Kyle Lo, Zejiang Shen, Benjamin Newman, Joseph Chee Chang, Russell Authur, Erin Bransom, Stefan Candra, Yoganand Chandrasekhar, Regan Huff, Bailey Kuehl, Amanpreet Singh, Chris Wilhelm, Angele Zamarron, Marti A. Hearst, Daniel S. Weld, Doug Downey, Luca Soldaini

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• December 31, 2022

Personalized Dense Retrieval on Global Index for Voice-enabled Conversational Systems

• Masha Belyi, Charlotte Dzialo, Chaitanya Dwivedi, Prajit Muppidi, Kanna Shimizu

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• December 31, 2022

Abstract Visual Reasoning with Tangram Shapes

• Anya Ji, Noriyuki Kojima, N. Rush, Alane Suhr, Wai Keen Vong, Robert D. Hawkins, Yoav Artzi

• Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

• November 29, 2022

We introduce KiloGram, a resource for studying abstract visual reasoning in humans and machines. Drawing on the history of tangram puzzles as stimuli in cognitive science, we build a richly annotated dataset that, with >1k distinct stimuli, is orders of magnitude larger and more diverse than prior resources. It is both visually and linguistically richer, moving beyond whole shape descriptions to include segmentation maps and part labels. We use this resource to evaluate the abstract visual reasoning capacities of recent multi-modal models. We observe that pre-trained weights demonstrate limited abstract reasoning, which dramatically improves with fine-tuning. We also observe that explicitly describing parts aids abstract reasoning for both humans and models, especially when jointly encoding the linguistic and visual inputs.

Lively: Enabling Multimodal, Lifelike, and Extensible Real-time Robot Motion

• Andrew Schoen, Dakota Sullivan, Ze-dong Zhang, D. Rakita, Bilge Mutlu

• Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

• March 13, 2023

Robots designed to interact with people in collaborative or social scenarios must move in ways that are consistent with the robot's task and communication goals. However, combining these goals in a naïve manner can result in mutually exclusive solutions, or infeasible or problematic states and actions. In this paper, we present Lively, a framework which supports configurable, real-time, task-based and communicative or socially-expressive motion for collaborative and social robotics across multiple levels of programmatic accessibility. Lively supports a wide range of control methods (i.e. position, orientation, and joint-space goals), and balances them with complex procedural behaviors for natural, lifelike motion that are effective in collaborative and social contexts. We discuss the design of three levels of programmatic accessibility of Lively, including a graphical user interface for visual design called LivelyStudio, the core library Lively for full access to its capabilities for developers, and an extensible architecture for greater customizability and capability.

Interactive Policy Shaping for Human-Robot Collaboration with Transparent Matrix Overlays

• Jake Brawer, Debasmita Ghose, Kate Candon, Meiying Qin, A. Roncone, Marynel Vázquez, B. Scassellati

• Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

• March 13, 2023

One important aspect of effective human--robot collaborations is the ability for robots to adapt quickly to the needs of humans. While techniques like deep reinforcement learning have demonstrated success as sophisticated tools for learning robot policies, the fluency of human-robot collaborations is often limited by these policies' inability to integrate changes to a user's preferences for the task. To address these shortcomings, we propose a novel approach that can modify learned policies at execution time via symbolic if-this-then-that rules corresponding to a modular and superimposable set of low-level constraints on the robot's policy. These rules, which we call Transparent Matrix Overlays, function not only as succinct and explainable descriptions of the robot's current strategy but also as an interface by which a human collaborator can easily alter a robot's policy via verbal commands. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach on a series of proof-of-concept cooking tasks performed in simulation and on a physical robot.

Multi-Purposeful Activities for Robot-Assisted Autism Therapy: What Works Best for Children's Social Outcomes?

• A. Zhanatkyzy, Zhansaule Telisheva, Aida Amirova, Nazerke Rakhymbayeva, A. Sandygulova

• Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

• March 13, 2023

This research designed and applied 24 multi-purposeful robot activities of varying social mediation levels in a multiple-session experiment with 34 children of diverse autistic characteristics in a rehabilitation setting. This paper explores what type of robot activities can meet individual needs to bring more socio-behavioral progress and juxtaposes child characteristics to identify behavioral outcomes in each activity. This knowledge would help us to respond to the question of what activity types suit specific subgroups of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our data analysis included coding 48.5 hours of video data for a total of 14 measures to fully capture children's activity-based socio-emotional outcomes. Overall, the activities on varying social mediation levels brought more or less positive social outcomes to all children. However, children showed some different behavioral outcomes as mediated by core autism-related and age-specific characteristics. This study provides in-depth accounts of what might be helpful in designing and applying multi-purposeful activities responsive to the diverse needs of children.

Feminist Human-Robot Interaction: Disentangling Power, Principles and Practice for Better, More Ethical HRI

• Katie Winkle, Donald Mcmillan, Maria Arnelid, Katherine M. Harrison, Madeline Balaam, Ericka Johnson, Iolanda Leite

• Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

• March 13, 2023

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is inherently a human-centric field of technology. The role of feminist theories in related fields (e.g. Human-Computer Interaction, Data Science) are taken as a starting point to present a vision for Feminist HRI which can support better, more ethical HRI practice everyday, as well as a more activist research and design stance. We first define feminist design for an HRI audience and use a set of feminist principles from neighboring fields to examine existent HRI literature, showing the progress that has been made already alongside some additional potential ways forward. Following this we identify a set of reflexive questions to be posed throughout the HRI design, research and development pipeline, encouraging a sensitivity to power and to individuals' goals and values. Importantly, we do not look to present a definitive, fixed notion of Feminist HRI, but rather demonstrate the ways in which bringing feminist principles to our field can lead to better, more ethical HRI, and to discuss how we, the HRI community, might do this in practice.

Design Principles for Robot-Assisted Feeding in Social Contexts

• Amal Nanavati, Patrícia Alves-Oliveira, Tyler Schrenk, Ethan K. Gordon, M. Cakmak, S. Srinivasa

• Proceedings of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

• March 13, 2023

Social dining, i.e., eating with/in company, is replete with meaning and cultural significance. Unfortunately, for the 1.8 million Americans with motor impairments who cannot eat without assistance, challenges restrict them from enjoying this pleasant social ritual. In this work, we identify the needs of participants with motor impairments during social dining and how robot-assisted feeding can address them. Using speculative videos that show robot behaviors within a social dining context, we interviewed participants to understand their preferences. Following a community-based participatory research method, we worked with a community researcher with motor impairments throughout this study. We contribute (a) insights into how a robot can help overcome challenges in social dining, (b) design principles for creating robot-assisted feeding systems, (c) and an implementation guide for future research in this area. Our key finding is that robots' unique assistive qualities can address challenges people with motor impairments face during social dining, promoting empowerment and belonging.

Exploring Machine-like Behaviors for Socially Acceptable Robot Navigation in Elevators

• Danilo Gallo, Shreepriya Gonzalez Jimenez, Antonietta Grasso, Cécile Boulard, T. Colombino

• 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

• March 7, 2022

In this paper, we present our ongoing research on socially acceptable robot navigation for an indoor elevator sharing scenario. Informed by naturalistic observations of human elevator use, we discuss the social nuances involved in a seemingly simple activity like taking an elevator and the challenges and limitations of modeling robot behaviors based on a full human-like approach. We propose the principle of machine-like for the design of robot behavior policies that effectively accomplish tasks without being disruptive to the routines of people sharing the elevator with the robots. We explored this approach in a bodystorming session and conducted a preliminary evaluation of the resulting considerations through an online user study. Participants differentiated robots from humans for issues of proxemics and priority, and machine-like behaviors were preferred over human-like behaviors. We present our findings and discuss the advantages and limitations identified for both approaches for designing socially acceptable navigation behaviors.

More than words: A Framework for Describing Human-Robot Dialog Designs

• James M. Berzuk, J. Young

• 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

• March 7, 2022

This paper presents a novel framework for describing human-robot interaction dialog, developed from a survey and analysis of existing systems and research. We collected data from 75 published systems and conducted an iterative thematic analysis to distill the broad range of work into key underlying factors de-fining them. Our framework provides a language to describe hu-man-robot dialog systems and a new way of classifying and under-standing human-robot dialog, in terms of both high-level design aspects and relevant implementation details. Our quantitative sur-vey summary further provides a detailed, contemporary snapshot of predominant approaches in the field, highlighting opportunities for further exploration.

Memory-Based Personalization for Fostering a Long-Term Child-Robot Relationship

• M. Ligthart, Mark Antonius Neerincx, K. Hindriks

• 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

• March 7, 2022

After the novelty effect wears off children need a new motivator to keep interacting with a social robot. Enabling children to build a relationship with the robot is the key for facilitating a sustainable long-term interaction. We designed a memory-based personalization strategy that safeguards the continuity between sessions and tailors the interaction to the child's needs and interests to foster the child-robot relationship. A longitudinal (five sessions in two months) user study (N = 46, 8–10 y.o) showed that the strategy kept children interested longer in the robot, fosters more closeness, elicits more positive social cues, and adds continuity between sessions.

MIND MELD: Personalized Meta-Learning for Robot-Centric Imitation Learning

• Mariah L. Schrum, Erin Hedlund-Botti, Nina Moorman, M. Gombolay

• 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

• March 7, 2022

Learning from demonstration (LfD) techniques seek to enable users without computer programming experience to teach robots novel tasks. There are generally two types of LfD: human- and robot-centric. While human-centric learning is intuitive, human centric learning suffers from performance degradation due to covariate shift. Robot-centric approaches, such as Dataset Aggregation (DAgger), address covariate shift but can struggle to learn from suboptimal human teachers. To create a more human-aware version of robot-centric LfD, we present Mutual Information-driven Meta-learning from Demonstration (MIND MELD). MIND MELD meta-learns a mapping from suboptimal and heterogeneous human feedback to optimal labels, thereby improving the learning signal for robot-centric LfD. The key to our approach is learning an informative personalized em-bedding using mutual information maximization via variational inference. The embedding then informs a mapping from human provided labels to optimal labels. We evaluate our framework in a human-subjects experiment, demonstrating that our approach improves corrective labels provided by human demonstrators. Our framework outperforms baselines in terms of ability to reach the goal $(p <. 001)$, average distance from the goal $(p=.006)$, and various subjective ratings $(p=.008)$.

REGROUP: A Robot-Centric Group Detection and Tracking System

• Angelique Taylor, L. Riek

• 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

• March 7, 2022

To facilitate HRI's transition from dyadic to group interaction, new methods are needed for robots to sense and understand team behavior. We introduce the Robot-Centric Group Detection and Tracking System (REGROUP), a new method that enables robots to detect and track groups of people from an ego-centric perspective using a crowd-aware, tracking-by-detection approach. Our system employs a novel technique that leverages person re-identification deep learning features to address the group data association problem. REGROUP is robust to real-world vision challenges such as occlusion, camera egomotion, shadow, and varying lighting illuminations. Also, it runs in real-time on real-world data. We show that REGROUP outperformed three group detection methods by up to 40% in terms of precision and up to 18 % in terms of recall. Also, we show that REGROUP's group tracking method outperformed three state-of-the-art methods by up to 66% in terms of tracking accuracy and 20% in terms of tracking precision. We plan to publicly release our system to support HRI teaming research and development. We hope this work will enable the development of robots that can more effectively locate and perceive their teammates, particularly in uncertain, unstructured environments.

Universal Few-shot Learning of Dense Prediction Tasks with Visual Token Matching

• Donggyun Kim, Jinwoo Kim, Seongwoong Cho, Chong Luo, Seunghoon Hong

• ArXiv

• March 27, 2023

Dense prediction tasks are a fundamental class of problems in computer vision. As supervised methods suffer from high pixel-wise labeling cost, a few-shot learning solution that can learn any dense task from a few labeled images is desired. Yet, current few-shot learning methods target a restricted set of tasks such as semantic segmentation, presumably due to challenges in designing a general and unified model that is able to flexibly and efficiently adapt to arbitrary tasks of unseen semantics. We propose Visual Token Matching (VTM), a universal few-shot learner for arbitrary dense prediction tasks. It employs non-parametric matching on patch-level embedded tokens of images and labels that encapsulates all tasks. Also, VTM flexibly adapts to any task with a tiny amount of task-specific parameters that modulate the matching algorithm. We implement VTM as a powerful hierarchical encoder-decoder architecture involving ViT backbones where token matching is performed at multiple feature hierarchies. We experiment VTM on a challenging variant of Taskonomy dataset and observe that it robustly few-shot learns various unseen dense prediction tasks. Surprisingly, it is competitive with fully supervised baselines using only 10 labeled examples of novel tasks (0.004% of full supervision) and sometimes outperforms using 0.1% of full supervision. Codes are available at https://github.com/GitGyun/visual_token_matching.

Emergence of Maps in the Memories of Blind Navigation Agents

• Erik Wijmans, M. Savva, Irfan Essa, Stefan Lee, Ari S. Morcos, Dhruv Batra

• ArXiv

• January 30, 2023

Animal navigation research posits that organisms build and maintain internal spatial representations, or maps, of their environment. We ask if machines -- specifically, artificial intelligence (AI) navigation agents -- also build implicit (or 'mental') maps. A positive answer to this question would (a) explain the surprising phenomenon in recent literature of ostensibly map-free neural-networks achieving strong performance, and (b) strengthen the evidence of mapping as a fundamental mechanism for navigation by intelligent embodied agents, whether they be biological or artificial. Unlike animal navigation, we can judiciously design the agent's perceptual system and control the learning paradigm to nullify alternative navigation mechanisms. Specifically, we train 'blind' agents -- with sensing limited to only egomotion and no other sensing of any kind -- to perform PointGoal navigation ('go to $\Delta$ x, $\Delta$ y') via reinforcement learning. Our agents are composed of navigation-agnostic components (fully-connected and recurrent neural networks), and our experimental setup provides no inductive bias towards mapping. Despite these harsh conditions, we find that blind agents are (1) surprisingly effective navigators in new environments (~95% success); (2) they utilize memory over long horizons (remembering ~1,000 steps of past experience in an episode); (3) this memory enables them to exhibit intelligent behavior (following walls, detecting collisions, taking shortcuts); (4) there is emergence of maps and collision detection neurons in the representations of the environment built by a blind agent as it navigates; and (5) the emergent maps are selective and task dependent (e.g. the agent 'forgets' exploratory detours). Overall, this paper presents no new techniques for the AI audience, but a surprising finding, an insight, and an explanation.

Rethinking the Expressive Power of GNNs via Graph Biconnectivity

• Bohang Zhang, Shengjie Luo, Liwei Wang, Di He

• ArXiv

• January 23, 2023

DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion

• Ben Poole, Ajay Jain, J. Barron, B. Mildenhall

• ArXiv

• September 29, 2022

Recent breakthroughs in text-to-image synthesis have been driven by diffusion models trained on billions of image-text pairs. Adapting this approach to 3D synthesis would require large-scale datasets of labeled 3D data and efficient architectures for denoising 3D data, neither of which currently exist. In this work, we circum-vent these limitations by using a pretrained 2D text-to-image diffusion model to perform text-to-3D synthesis. We introduce a loss based on probability density distillation that enables the use of a 2D diffusion model as a prior for optimization of a parametric image generator. Using this loss in a DeepDream-like procedure, we optimize a randomly-initialized 3D model (a Neural Radiance Field, or NeRF) via gradient descent such that its 2D renderings from random angles achieve a low loss. The resulting 3D model of the given text can be viewed from any angle, relit by arbitrary illumination, or composited into any 3D environment. Our approach requires no 3D training data and no modifications to the image diffusion model, demonstrating the effectiveness of pretrained image diffusion models as priors. See dreamfusion3d.github.io for a more immersive view into our 3D results.

Expressiveness and Approximation Properties of Graph Neural Networks

• F. Geerts, Juan L. Reutter

• ArXiv

• April 10, 2022

Characterizing the separation power of graph neural networks (GNNs) provides an understanding of their limitations for graph learning tasks. Results regarding separation power are, however, usually geared at specific GNN architectures, and tools for understanding arbitrary GNN architectures are generally lacking. We provide an elegant way to easily obtain bounds on the separation power of GNNs in terms of the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) tests, which have become the yardstick to measure the separation power of GNNs. The crux is to view GNNs as expressions in a procedural tensor language describing the computations in the layers of the GNNs. Then, by a simple analysis of the obtained expressions, in terms of the number of indexes and the nesting depth of summations, bounds on the separation power in terms of the WL-tests readily follow. We use tensor language to define Higher-Order Message-Passing Neural Networks (or k-MPNNs), a natural extension of MPNNs. Furthermore, the tensor language point of view allows for the derivation of universality results for classes of GNNs in a natural way. Our approach provides a toolbox with which GNN architecture designers can analyze the separation power of their GNNs, without needing to know the intricacies of the WL-tests. We also provide insights in what is needed to boost the separation power of GNNs.

Learning strides in convolutional neural networks

• Rachid Riad, O. Teboul, David Grangier, Neil Zeghidour

• ArXiv

• February 3, 2022

Convolutional neural networks typically contain several downsampling operators, such as strided convolutions or pooling layers, that progressively reduce the resolution of intermediate representations. This provides some shift-invariance while reducing the computational complexity of the whole architecture. A critical hyperparameter of such layers is their stride: the integer factor of downsampling. As strides are not differentiable, finding the best configuration either requires cross-validation or discrete optimization (e.g. architecture search), which rapidly become prohibitive as the search space grows exponentially with the number of downsampling layers. Hence, exploring this search space by gradient descent would allow finding better configurations at a lower computational cost. This work introduces DiffStride, the first downsampling layer with learnable strides. Our layer learns the size of a cropping mask in the Fourier domain, that effectively performs resizing in a differentiable way. Experiments on audio and image classification show the generality and effectiveness of our solution: we use DiffStride as a drop-in replacement to standard downsampling layers and outperform them. In particular, we show that introducing our layer into a ResNet-18 architecture allows keeping consistent high performance on CIFAR10, CIFAR100 and ImageNet even when training starts from poor random stride configurations. Moreover, formulating strides as learnable variables allows us to introduce a regularization term that controls the computational complexity of the architecture. We show how this regularization allows trading off accuracy for efficiency on ImageNet.

Analytic-DPM: an Analytic Estimate of the Optimal Reverse Variance in Diffusion Probabilistic Models

• Fan Bao, Chongxuan Li, Jun Zhu, Bo Zhang

• ArXiv

• January 17, 2022

Diffusion probabilistic models (DPMs) represent a class of powerful generative models. Despite their success, the inference of DPMs is expensive since it generally needs to iterate over thousands of timesteps. A key problem in the inference is to estimate the variance in each timestep of the reverse process. In this work, we present a surprising result that both the optimal reverse variance and the corresponding optimal KL divergence of a DPM have analytic forms w.r.t. its score function. Building upon it, we propose Analytic-DPM, a training-free inference framework that estimates the analytic forms of the variance and KL divergence using the Monte Carlo method and a pretrained score-based model. Further, to correct the potential bias caused by the score-based model, we derive both lower and upper bounds of the optimal variance and clip the estimate for a better result. Empirically, our analytic-DPM improves the log-likelihood of various DPMs, produces high-quality samples, and meanwhile enjoys a 20x to 80x speed up.

Comparing Distributions by Measuring Differences that Affect Decision Making

• Shengjia Zhao, Abhishek Sinha, Yutong He, Aidan Perreault, Jiaming Song, S. Ermon

• International Conference on Learning Representations

• December 31, 2021

Measuring the discrepancy between two probability distributions is a fundamental problem in machine learning and statistics. We propose a new class of discrepancies based on the optimal loss for a decision task – two distributions are different if the optimal decision loss is higher on their mixture than on each individual distribution. By suitably choosing the decision task, this generalizes the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the maximum mean discrepancy family. We apply our approach to two-sample tests, and on various benchmarks, we achieve superior test power compared to competing methods. In addition, a modeler can directly specify their preferences when comparing distributions through the decision loss. We apply this property to understanding the effects of climate change on different economic activities and selecting features targeting different decision tasks.

Hyperparameter Tuning with Renyi Differential Privacy

• Nicolas Papernot, T. Steinke

• ArXiv

• October 7, 2021

For many differentially private algorithms, such as the prominent noisy stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD), the analysis needed to bound the privacy leakage of a single training run is well understood. However, few studies have reasoned about the privacy leakage resulting from the multiple training runs needed to fine tune the value of the training algorithm's hyperparameters. In this work, we first illustrate how simply setting hyperparameters based on non-private training runs can leak private information. Motivated by this observation, we then provide privacy guarantees for hyperparameter search procedures within the framework of Renyi Differential Privacy. Our results improve and extend the work of Liu and Talwar (STOC 2019). Our analysis supports our previous observation that tuning hyperparameters does indeed leak private information, but we prove that, under certain assumptions, this leakage is modest, as long as each candidate training run needed to select hyperparameters is itself differentially private.

Bootstrapped Meta-Learning

• Sebastian Flennerhag, Yannick Schroecker, Tom Zahavy, Hado Philip van Hasselt, David Silver, Satinder Singh

• ArXiv

• September 9, 2021

Meta-learning empowers artificial intelligence to increase its efficiency by learning how to learn. Unlocking this potential involves overcoming a challenging meta-optimisation problem. We propose an algorithm that tackles this problem by letting the meta-learner teach itself. The algorithm first bootstraps a target from the meta-learner, then optimises the meta-learner by minimising the distance to that target under a chosen (pseudo-)metric. Focusing on meta-learning with gradients, we establish conditions that guarantee performance improvements and show that the metric can control meta-optimisation. Meanwhile, the bootstrapping mechanism can extend the effective meta-learning horizon without requiring backpropagation through all updates. We achieve a new state-of-the art for model-free agents on the Atari ALE benchmark and demonstrate that it yields both performance and efficiency gains in multi-task meta-learning. Finally, we explore how bootstrapping opens up new possibilities and find that it can meta-learn efficient exploration in an epsilon-greedy Q-learning agent, without backpropagating through the update rule.

G-Mixup: Graph Data Augmentation for Graph Classification

• Xiaotian Han, Zhimeng Jiang, Ninghao Liu, Xia Hu

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• February 15, 2022

This work develops mixup for graph data. Mixup has shown superiority in improving the generalization and robustness of neural networks by interpolating features and labels between two random samples. Traditionally, Mixup can work on regular, grid-like, and Euclidean data such as image or tabular data. However, it is challenging to directly adopt Mixup to augment graph data because different graphs typically: 1) have different numbers of nodes; 2) are not readily aligned; and 3) have unique typologies in non-Euclidean space. To this end, we propose G-Mixup to augment graphs for graph classification by interpolating the generator (i.e., graphon) of different classes of graphs. Specifically, we first use graphs within the same class to estimate a graphon. Then, instead of directly manipulating graphs, we interpolate graphons of different classes in the Euclidean space to get mixed graphons, where the synthetic graphs are generated through sampling based on the mixed graphons. Extensive experiments show that G-Mixup substantially improves the generalization and robustness of GNNs.

The Importance of Non-Markovianity in Maximum State Entropy Exploration

• Mirco Mutti, Ric De Santi, Marcello Restelli

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• February 7, 2022

In the maximum state entropy exploration framework, an agent interacts with a reward-free environment to learn a policy that maximizes the entropy of the expected state visitations it is inducing. Hazan et al. (2019) noted that the class of Markovian stochastic policies is sufficient for the maximum state entropy objective, and exploiting non-Markovianity is generally considered pointless in this setting. In this paper, we argue that non-Markovianity is instead paramount for maximum state entropy exploration in a finite-sample regime. Especially, we recast the objective to target the expected entropy of the induced state visitations in a single trial. Then, we show that the class of non-Markovian deterministic policies is sufficient for the introduced objective, while Markovian policies suffer non-zero regret in general. However, we prove that the problem of finding an optimal non-Markovian policy is NP-hard. Despite this negative result, we discuss avenues to address the problem in a tractable way and how non-Markovian exploration could benefit the sample efficiency of online reinforcement learning in future works.

Do Differentiable Simulators Give Better Policy Gradients?

• H. Suh, Max Simchowitz, K. Zhang, Russ Tedrake

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• February 2, 2022

Differentiable simulators promise faster computation time for reinforcement learning by replacing zeroth-order gradient estimates of a stochastic objective with an estimate based on first-order gradients. However, it is yet unclear what factors decide the performance of the two estimators on complex landscapes that involve long-horizon planning and control on physical systems, despite the crucial relevance of this question for the utility of differentiable simulators. We show that characteristics of certain physical systems, such as stiffness or discontinuities, may compromise the efficacy of the first-order estimator, and analyze this phenomenon through the lens of bias and variance. We additionally propose an $\alpha$-order gradient estimator, with $\alpha \in [0,1]$, which correctly utilizes exact gradients to combine the efficiency of first-order estimates with the robustness of zero-order methods. We demonstrate the pitfalls of traditional estimators and the advantages of the $\alpha$-order estimator on some numerical examples.

Learning Mixtures of Linear Dynamical Systems

• Yanxi Chen, H. Poor

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• January 26, 2022

We study the problem of learning a mixture of multiple linear dynamical systems (LDSs) from unlabeled short sample trajectories, each generated by one of the LDS models. Despite the wide applicability of mixture models for time-series data, learning algorithms that come with end-to-end performance guarantees are largely absent from existing literature. There are multiple sources of technical challenges, including but not limited to (1) the presence of latent variables (i.e. the unknown labels of trajectories); (2) the possibility that the sample trajectories might have lengths much smaller than the dimension d of the LDS models; and (3) the complicated temporal dependence inherent to time-series data. To tackle these challenges, we develop a two-stage meta-algorithm, which is guaranteed to efficiently recover each ground-truth LDS model up to error (cid:101) O ( (cid:112) d/T ) , where T is the total sample size. We validate our theoretical studies with numerical experiments, confirming the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.

Understanding Dataset Difficulty with V-Usable Information

• Kawin Ethayarajh, Yejin Choi, Swabha Swayamdipta

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• December 31, 2021

Estimating the difficulty of a dataset typically involves comparing state-of-the-art models to humans; the bigger the performance gap, the harder the dataset is said to be. However, this comparison provides little understanding of how difficult each instance in a given distribution is, or what attributes make the dataset difficult for a given model. To address these questions, we frame dataset difficulty—w.r.t. a model V —as the lack of V - usable information (Xu et al., 2019), where a lower value indicates a more difficult dataset for V . We further introduce pointwise V -information ( PVI ) for measuring the difficulty of individual instances w.r.t. a given distribution. While standard evaluation metrics typically only compare different models for the same dataset, V - usable information and PVI also permit the converse: for a given model V , we can compare different datasets, as well as different instances/slices of the same dataset. Furthermore, our framework allows for the interpretability of different input attributes via transformations of the input, which we use to discover annotation artefacts in widely-used NLP benchmarks.

Stable Conformal Prediction Sets

• Eugène Ndiaye

• International Conference on Machine Learning

• December 19, 2021

When one observes a sequence of variables $(x_1, y_1), \ldots, (x_n, y_n)$, Conformal Prediction (CP) is a methodology that allows to estimate a confidence set for $y_{n+1}$ given $x_{n+1}$ by merely assuming that the distribution of the data is exchangeable. CP sets have guaranteed coverage for any finite population size $n$. While appealing, the computation of such a set turns out to be infeasible in general, e.g. when the unknown variable $y_{n+1}$ is continuous. The bottleneck is that it is based on a procedure that readjusts a prediction model on data where we replace the unknown target by all its possible values in order to select the most probable one. This requires computing an infinite number of models, which often makes it intractable. In this paper, we combine CP techniques with classical algorithmic stability bounds to derive a prediction set computable with a single model fit. We demonstrate that our proposed confidence set does not lose any coverage guarantees while avoiding the need for data splitting as currently done in the literature. We provide some numerical experiments to illustrate the tightness of our estimation when the sample size is sufficiently large, on both synthetic and real datasets.

Levin Tree Search with Context Models

• Laurent Orseau, Marcus Hutter, Levi H.S. Leli

• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• May 26, 2023

Levin Tree Search (LTS) is a search algorithm that makes use of a policy (a probability distribution over actions) and comes with a theoretical guarantee on the number of expansions before reaching a goal node, depending on the quality of the policy. This guarantee can be used as a loss function, which we call the LTS loss, to optimize neural networks representing the policy (LTS+NN). In this work we show that the neural network can be substituted with parameterized context models originating from the online compression literature (LTS+CM). We show that the LTS loss is convex under this new model, which allows for using standard convex optimization tools, and obtain convergence guarantees to the optimal parameters in an online setting for a given set of solution trajectories --- guarantees that cannot be provided for neural networks. The new LTS+CM algorithm compares favorably against LTS+NN on several benchmarks: Sokoban (Boxoban), The Witness, and the 24-Sliding Tile puzzle (STP). The difference is particularly large on STP, where LTS+NN fails to solve most of the test instances while LTS+CM solves each test instance in a fraction of a second. Furthermore, we show that LTS+CM is able to learn a policy that solves the Rubik's cube in only a few hundred expansions, which considerably improves upon previous machine learning techniques.

SAT-Based PAC Learning of Description Logic Concepts

• B. T. Cate, Maurice Funk, J. C. Jung, C. Lutz

• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• May 15, 2023

We propose bounded fitting as a scheme for learning description logic concepts in the presence of ontologies. A main advantage is that the resulting learning algorithms come with theoretical guarantees regarding their generalization to unseen examples in the sense of PAC learning. We prove that, in contrast, several other natural learning algorithms fail to provide such guarantees. As a further contribution, we present the system SPELL which efficiently implements bounded fitting for the description logic ELHr based on a SAT solver, and compare its performance to a state-of-the-art learner.

Safe Reinforcement Learning via Probabilistic Logic Shields

• Wen-Chi Yang, G. Marra, Gavin Rens, L. D. Raedt

• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• March 6, 2023

Safe Reinforcement learning (Safe RL) aims at learning optimal policies while staying safe. A popular solution to Safe RL is shielding, which uses a logical safety specification to prevent an RL agent from taking unsafe actions. However, traditional shielding techniques are difficult to integrate with continuous, end-to-end deep RL methods. To this end, we introduce Probabilistic Logic Policy Gradient (PLPG). PLPG is a model-based Safe RL technique that uses probabilistic logic programming to model logical safety constraints as differentiable functions. Therefore, PLPG can be seamlessly applied to any policy gradient algorithm while still providing the same convergence guarantees. In our experiments, we show that PLPG learns safer and more rewarding policies compared to other state-of-the-art shielding techniques.

Completeness and Diversity in Depth-First Proof-Number Search with Applications to Retrosynthesis

• C. Franz, Georg Mogk, Thomas Mrziglod, Kevin Schewior

• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• July 1, 2022

We revisit Depth-First Proof-Number Search (DFPN), a well-known algorithm for solving two-player games. First, we consider the completeness property of the algorithm and its variants, i.e., whether they always find a winning strategy when there exists one. While it is known that the standard version is not complete, we show that the combination with the simple Threshold Controlling Algorithm is complete, solving an open problem from the area. Second, we modify DFPN to compute a diverse set of solutions rather than just a single one. Finally, we apply this new variant in Chemistry to the synthesis planning of new target molecules (Retrosynthesis). In this domain a diverse set of many solutions is desirable. We apply additional modifications from the literature to the algorithm and show that it outperforms Monte-Carlo Tree-Search, another well-known algorithm for the same problem, according to a natural diversity measure.

QCDCL with Cube Learning or Pure Literal Elimination - What is best?

• Olaf Beyersdorff, Benjamin Böhm

• Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.

• July 1, 2022

Quantified conflict-driven clause learning (QCDCL) is one of the main approaches for solving quantified Boolean formulas (QBF). We formalise and investigate several versions of QCDCL that include cube learning and/or pure-literal elimination, and formally compare the resulting solving models via proof complexity techniques. Our results show that almost all of the QCDCL models are exponentially incomparable with respect to proof size (and hence solver running time), pointing towards different orthogonal ways how to practically implement QCDCL.

Plurality Veto: A Simple Voting Rule Achieving Optimal Metric Distortion

• Fatih Erdem Kizilkaya, D. Kempe

• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

• June 14, 2022

The metric distortion framework posits that n voters and m candidates are jointly embedded in a metric space such that voters rank candidates that are closer to them higher. A voting rule's purpose is to pick a candidate with minimum total distance to the voters, given only the rankings, but not the actual distances. As a result, in the worst case, each deterministic rule picks a candidate whose total distance is at least three times larger than that of an optimal one, i.e., has distortion at least 3. A recent breakthrough result showed that achieving this bound of 3 is possible; however, the proof is non-constructive, and the voting rule itself is a complicated exhaustive search. Our main result is an extremely simple voting rule, called Plurality Veto, which achieves the same optimal distortion of 3. Each candidate starts with a score equal to his number of first-place votes. These scores are then gradually decreased via an n-round veto process in which a candidate drops out when his score reaches zero. One after the other, voters decrement the score of their bottom choice among the standing candidates, and the last standing candidate wins. We give a one-paragraph proof that this voting rule achieves distortion 3. This rule is also immensely practical, and it only makes two queries to each voter, so it has low communication overhead. We also show that a straightforward extension can be used to give a constructive proof of the more general Ranking-Matching Lemma of Gkatzelis et al. We also generalize Plurality Veto into a class of randomized voting rules in the following way: Plurality veto is run only for k < n rounds; then, a candidate is chosen with probability proportional to his residual score. This general rule interpolates between Random Dictatorship (for k=0) and Plurality Veto (for k=n-1), and k controls the variance of the output. We show that for all k, this rule has expected distortion at most 3.

All in One: Multi-Task Prompting for Graph Neural Networks

• Xiangguo Sun, Hongtao Cheng, Jia Li, Bo Liu, J. Guan

• Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

• July 4, 2023

Recently, "pre-training and fine-tuning'' has been adopted as a standard workflow for many graph tasks since it can take general graph knowledge to relieve the lack of graph annotations from each application. However, graph tasks with node level, edge level, and graph level are far diversified, making the pre-training pretext often incompatible with these multiple tasks. This gap may even cause a "negative transfer'' to the specific application, leading to poor results. Inspired by the prompt learning in natural language processing (NLP), which has presented significant effectiveness in leveraging prior knowledge for various NLP tasks, we study the prompting topic for graphs with the motivation of filling the gap between pre-trained models and various graph tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task prompting method for graph models. Specifically, we first unify the format of graph prompts and language prompts with the prompt token, token structure, and inserting pattern. In this way, the prompting idea from NLP can be seamlessly introduced to the graph area. Then, to further narrow the gap between various graph tasks and state-of-the-art pre-training strategies, we further study the task space of various graph applications and reformulate downstream problems to the graph-level task. Afterward, we introduce meta-learning to efficiently learn a better initialization for the multi-task prompt of graphs so that our prompting framework can be more reliable and general for different tasks. We conduct extensive experiments, results from which demonstrate the superiority of our method.

Improving Training Stability for Multitask Ranking Models in Recommender Systems

• Jiaxi Tang, Yoel Drori, Daryl Chang, M. Sathiamoorthy, J. Gilmer, Li Wei, Xinyang Yi, Lichan Hong, Ed H. Chi

• Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

• February 17, 2023

Recommender systems play an important role in many content platforms. While most recommendation research is dedicated to designing better models to improve user experience, we found that research on stabilizing the training for such models is severely under-explored. As recommendation models become larger and more sophisticated, they are more susceptible to training instability issues, i.e., loss divergence, which can make the model unusable, waste significant resources and block model developments. In this paper, we share our findings and best practices we learned for improving the training stability of a real-world multitask ranking model for YouTube recommendations. We show some properties of the model that lead to unstable training and conjecture on the causes. Furthermore, based on our observations of training dynamics near the point of training instability, we hypothesize why existing solutions would fail, and propose a new algorithm to mitigate the limitations of existing solutions. Our experiments on YouTube production dataset show the proposed algorithm can significantly improve training stability while not compromising convergence, comparing with several commonly used baseline methods.

Learning Causal Effects on Hypergraphs

• Jing Ma, Mengting Wan, Longqi Yang, Jundong Li, Brent J. Hecht, J. Teevan

• Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

• July 7, 2022

Hypergraphs provide an effective abstraction for modeling multi-way group interactions among nodes, where each hyperedge can connect any number of nodes. Different from most existing studies which leverage statistical dependencies, we study hypergraphs from the perspective of causality. Specifically, in this paper, we focus on the problem of individual treatment effect (ITE) estimation on hypergraphs, aiming to estimate how much an intervention (e.g., wearing face covering) would causally affect an outcome (e.g., COVID-19 infection) of each individual node. Existing works on ITE estimation either assume that the outcome on one individual should not be influenced by the treatment assignments on other individuals (i.e., no interference), or assume the interference only exists between pairs of connected individuals in an ordinary graph. We argue that these assumptions can be unrealistic on real-world hypergraphs, where higher-order interference can affect the ultimate ITE estimations due to the presence of group interactions. In this work, we investigate high-order interference modeling, and propose a new causality learning framework powered by hypergraph neural networks. Extensive experiments on real-world hypergraphs verify the superiority of our framework over existing baselines.

FederatedScope-GNN: Towards a Unified, Comprehensive and Efficient Package for Federated Graph Learning

• Zhen Wang, Weirui Kuang, Yuexiang Xie, Liuyi Yao, Yaliang Li, Bolin Ding, Jingren Zhou

• Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

• April 12, 2022

The incredible development of federated learning (FL) has benefited various tasks in the domains of computer vision and natural language processing, and the existing frameworks such as TFF and FATE has made the deployment easy in real-world applications. However, federated graph learning (FGL), even though graph data are prevalent, has not been well supported due to its unique characteristics and requirements. The lack of FGL-related framework increases the efforts for accomplishing reproducible research and deploying in real-world applications. Motivated by such strong demand, in this paper, we first discuss the challenges in creating an easy-to-use FGL package and accordingly present our implemented package FederatedScope-GNN (FS-G), which provides (1) a unified view for modularizing and expressing FGL algorithms; (2) comprehensive DataZoo and ModelZoo for out-of-the-box FGL capability; (3) an efficient model auto-tuning component; and (4) off-the-shelf privacy attack and defense abilities. We validate the effectiveness of FS-G by conducting extensive experiments, which simultaneously gains many valuable insights about FGL for the community. Moreover, we employ FS-G to serve the FGL application in real-world E-commerce scenarios, where the attained improvements indicate great potential business benefits. We publicly release FS-G, as submodules of FederatedScope, at https://github.com/alibaba/FederatedScope to promote FGL's research and enable broad applications that would otherwise be infeasible due to the lack of a dedicated package.

Using Natural Language and Program Abstractions to Instill Human Inductive Biases in Machines

• Sreejan Kumar, Carlos G Correa, I. Dasgupta, Raja Marjieh, Michael Hu, Robert D. Hawkins, N. Daw, Jonathan D. Cohen, Karthik Narasimhan, T. Griffiths

• ArXiv

• May 23, 2022

Strong inductive biases give humans the ability to quickly learn to perform a variety of tasks. Although meta-learning is a method to endow neural networks with useful inductive biases, agents trained by meta-learning may sometimes acquire very different strategies from humans. We show that co-training these agents on predicting representations from natural language task descriptions and programs induced to generate such tasks guides them toward more human-like inductive biases. Human-generated language descriptions and program induction models that add new learned primitives both contain abstract concepts that can compress description length. Co-training on these representations result in more human-like behavior in downstream meta-reinforcement learning agents than less abstract controls (synthetic language descriptions, program induction without learned primitives), suggesting that the abstraction supported by these representations is key.

Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models

• Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, A. Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, K. Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, L. Sifre

• ArXiv

• March 29, 2022

We investigate the optimal model size and number of tokens for training a transformer language model under a given compute budget. We find that current large language models are significantly undertrained, a consequence of the recent focus on scaling language models whilst keeping the amount of training data constant. By training over 400 language models ranging from 70 million to over 16 billion parameters on 5 to 500 billion tokens, we find that for compute-optimal training, the model size and the number of training tokens should be scaled equally: for every doubling of model size the number of training tokens should also be doubled. We test this hypothesis by training a predicted compute-optimal model, Chinchilla, that uses the same compute budget as Gopher but with 70B parameters and 4$\times$ more more data. Chinchilla uniformly and significantly outperforms Gopher (280B), GPT-3 (175B), Jurassic-1 (178B), and Megatron-Turing NLG (530B) on a large range of downstream evaluation tasks. This also means that Chinchilla uses substantially less compute for fine-tuning and inference, greatly facilitating downstream usage. As a highlight, Chinchilla reaches a state-of-the-art average accuracy of 67.5% on the MMLU benchmark, greater than a 7% improvement over Gopher.

Gradient Estimation with Discrete Stein Operators

• Jiaxin Shi, Yuhao Zhou, Jessica Hwang, M. Titsias, Lester W. Mackey

• ArXiv

• February 19, 2022

Gradient estimation -- approximating the gradient of an expectation with respect to the parameters of a distribution -- is central to the solution of many machine learning problems. However, when the distribution is discrete, most common gradient estimators suffer from excessive variance. To improve the quality of gradient estimation, we introduce a variance reduction technique based on Stein operators for discrete distributions. We then use this technique to build flexible control variates for the REINFORCE leave-one-out estimator. Our control variates can be adapted online to minimize variance and do not require extra evaluations of the target function. In benchmark generative modeling tasks such as training binary variational autoencoders, our gradient estimator achieves substantially lower variance than state-of-the-art estimators with the same number of function evaluations.

Riemannian Score-Based Generative Modeling

• Valentin De Bortoli, Emile Mathieu, M. Hutchinson, James Thornton, Y. Teh, A. Doucet

• ArXiv

• February 6, 2022

Score-based generative models (SGMs) are a powerful class of generative models that exhibit remarkable empirical performance. Score-based generative modelling (SGM) consists of a ``noising'' stage, whereby a diffusion is used to gradually add Gaussian noise to data, and a generative model, which entails a ``denoising'' process defined by approximating the time-reversal of the diffusion. Existing SGMs assume that data is supported on a Euclidean space, i.e. a manifold with flat geometry. In many domains such as robotics, geoscience or protein modelling, data is often naturally described by distributions living on Riemannian manifolds and current SGM techniques are not appropriate. We introduce here Riemannian Score-based Generative Models (RSGMs), a class of generative models extending SGMs to Riemannian manifolds. We demonstrate our approach on a variety of manifolds, and in particular with earth and climate science spherical data.

Gradient Descent: The Ultimate Optimizer

• K. Chandra, E. Meijer, Samantha Andow, Emilio Arroyo-Fang, Irene Dea, Johann George, Melissa Grueter, Basil Hosmer, Steffi Stumpos, Alanna Tempest, Shannon Yang

• ArXiv

• September 29, 2019

Working with any gradient-based machine learning algorithm involves the tedious task of tuning the optimizer's hyperparameters, such as the learning rate. There exist many techniques for automated hyperparameter optimization, but they typically introduce even more hyperparameters to control the hyperparameter optimization process. We propose to instead learn the hyperparameters themselves by gradient descent, and furthermore to learn the hyper-hyperparameters by gradient descent as well, and so on ad infinitum. As these towers of gradient-based optimizers grow, they become significantly less sensitive to the choice of top-level hyperparameters, hence decreasing the burden on the user to search for optimal values.

The Information Retrieval Experiment Platform

• Maik Frobe, Jan Heinrich Reimer, Sean MacAvaney, Niklas Deckers, Simon Reich, Janek Bevendorff, Benno Stein, Matthias Hagen, Martin Potthast

• Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval

• May 30, 2023

We integrate irdatasets, ir_measures, and PyTerrier with TIRA in the Information Retrieval Experiment Platform (TIREx) to promote more standardized, reproducible, scalable, and even blinded retrieval experiments. Standardization is achieved when a retrieval approach implements PyTerrier's interfaces and the input and output of an experiment are compatible with ir_datasets and ir_measures. However, none of this is a must for reproducibility and scalability, as TIRA can run any dockerized software locally or remotely in a cloud-native execution environment. Version control and caching ensure efficient (re)execution. TIRA allows for blind evaluation when an experiment runs on a remote server or cloud not under the control of the experimenter. The test data and ground truth are then hidden from public access, and the retrieval software has to process them in a sandbox that prevents data leaks. We currently host an instance of TIREx with 15 corpora (1.9~billion documents) on which 32 shared retrieval tasks are based. Using Docker images of 50~standard retrieval approaches, we automatically evaluated all approaches on all tasks (50 ⋅ 32 = 1,600 runs) in less than a week on a midsize cluster (1,620 cores and 24 GPUs). This instance of TIREx is open for submissions and will be integrated with the IR Anthology, as well as released open source.

A Non-Factoid Question-Answering Taxonomy

• Valeriia Bolotova, Vladislav Blinov, Falk Scholer, W. Bruce Croft, M. Sanderson

• Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval

• July 6, 2022

Non-factoid question answering (NFQA) is a challenging and under-researched task that requires constructing long-form answers, such as explanations or opinions, to open-ended non-factoid questions - NFQs. There is still little understanding of the categories of NFQs that people tend to ask, what form of answers they expect to see in return, and what the key research challenges of each category are. This work presents the first comprehensive taxonomy of NFQ categories and the expected structure of answers. The taxonomy was constructed with a transparent methodology and extensively evaluated via crowdsourcing. The most challenging categories were identified through an editorial user study. We also release a dataset of categorised NFQs and a question category classifier. Finally, we conduct a quantitative analysis of the distribution of question categories using major NFQA datasets, showing that the NFQ categories that are the most challenging for current NFQA systems are poorly represented in these datasets. This imbalance may lead to insufficient system performance for challenging categories. The new taxonomy, along with the category classifier, will aid research in the area, helping to create more balanced benchmarks and to focus models on addressing specific categories.

Simplistic Collection and Labeling Practices Limit the Utility of Benchmark Datasets for Twitter Bot Detection

• C. Hays, Zachary Schutzman, Manish Raghavan, Erin Walk, Philipp Zimmer

• Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023

• January 17, 2023

Accurate bot detection is necessary for the safety and integrity of online platforms. It is also crucial for research on the influence of bots in elections, the spread of misinformation, and financial market manipulation. Platforms deploy infrastructure to flag or remove automated accounts, but their tools and data are not publicly available. Thus, the public must rely on third-party bot detection. These tools employ machine learning and often achieve near-perfect performance for classification on existing datasets, suggesting bot detection is accurate, reliable and fit for use in downstream applications. We provide evidence that this is not the case and show that high performance is attributable to limitations in dataset collection and labeling rather than sophistication of the tools. Specifically, we show that simple decision rules — shallow decision trees trained on a small number of features — achieve near-state-of-the-art performance on most available datasets and that bot detection datasets, even when combined together, do not generalize well to out-of-sample datasets. Our findings reveal that predictions are highly dependent on each dataset’s collection and labeling procedures rather than fundamental differences between bots and humans. These results have important implications for both transparency in sampling and labeling procedures and potential biases in research using existing bot detection tools for pre-processing.

Rewiring What-to-Watch-Next Recommendations to Reduce Radicalization Pathways

• Francesco Fabbri, Yanhao Wang, F. Bonchi, C. Castillo, M. Mathioudakis

• Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022

• February 1, 2022

Recommender systems typically suggest to users content similar to what they consumed in the past. If a user happens to be exposed to strongly polarized content, she might subsequently receive recommendations which may steer her towards more and more radicalized content, eventually being trapped in what we call a “radicalization pathway”. In this paper, we study the problem of mitigating radicalization pathways using a graph-based approach. Specifically, we model the set of recommendations of a “what-to-watch-next” recommender as a d-regular directed graph where nodes correspond to content items, links to recommendations, and paths to possible user sessions. We measure the “segregation” score of a node representing radicalized content as the expected length of a random walk from that node to any node representing non-radicalized content. High segregation scores are associated to larger chances to get users trapped in radicalization pathways. Hence, we define the problem of reducing the prevalence of radicalization pathways by selecting a small number of edges to “rewire”, so to minimize the maximum of segregation scores among all radicalized nodes, while maintaining the relevance of the recommendations. We prove that the problem of finding the optimal set of recommendations to rewire is NP-hard and NP-hard to approximate within any factor. Therefore, we turn our attention to heuristics, and propose an efficient yet effective greedy algorithm based on the absorbing random walk theory. Our experiments on real-world datasets in the context of video and news recommendations confirm the effectiveness of our proposal.

The Subspace Flatness Conjecture and Faster Integer Programming

• Victor Reis, T. Rothvoss

• ArXiv

• March 26, 2023

In a seminal paper, Kannan and Lov\'asz (1988) considered a quantity $\mu_{KL}(\Lambda,K)$ which denotes the best volume-based lower bound on the covering radius $\mu(\Lambda,K)$ of a convex body $K$ with respect to a lattice $\Lambda$. Kannan and Lov\'asz proved that $\mu(\Lambda,K) \leq n \cdot \mu_{KL}(\Lambda,K)$ and the Subspace Flatness Conjecture by Dadush (2012) claims a $O(\log(2n))$ factor suffices, which would match the lower bound from the work of Kannan and Lov\'asz. We settle this conjecture up to a constant in the exponent by proving that $\mu(\Lambda,K) \leq O(\log^{3}(2n)) \cdot \mu_{KL} (\Lambda,K)$. Our proof is based on the Reverse Minkowski Theorem due to Regev and Stephens-Davidowitz (2017). Following the work of Dadush (2012, 2019), we obtain a $(\log(2n))^{O(n)}$-time randomized algorithm to solve integer programs in $n$ variables. Another implication of our main result is a near-optimal flatness constant of $O(n \log^{3}(2n))$.

Strong Bounds for 3-Progressions

• Zander Kelley, R. Meka

• February 10, 2023

We show that for some constant $\beta>0$, any subset $A$ of integers $\{1,\ldots,N\}$ of size at least $2^{-O((\log N)^\beta)} \cdot N$ contains a non-trivial three-term arithmetic progression. Previously, three-term arithmetic progressions were known to exist only for sets of size at least $N/(\log N)^{1 + c}$ for a constant $c>0$. Our approach is first to develop new analytic techniques for addressing some related questions in the finite-field setting and then to apply some analogous variants of these same techniques, suitably adapted for the more complicated setting of integers.

Negative-Weight Single-Source Shortest Paths in Near-linear Time

• A. Bernstein, Danupon Nanongkai, Christian Wulff-Nilsen

• 2022 IEEE 63rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)

• March 7, 2022

We present a randomized algorithm that computes single-source shortest paths (SSSP) in $O\left(m \log ^{8}(n) \log W\right)$ time when edge weights are integral and can be negative. 1 This essentially resolves the classic negative-weight SSSP problem. The previous bounds are $\tilde{O}\left(\left(m+n^{1.5}\right) \log W\right)$ [BLNPSSSW FOCS’20] and $m^{4 / 3+o(1)} \log W$ [AMV FOCS’20]. Near-linear time algorithms were known previously only for the special case of planar directed graphs [Fakcharoenphol and Rao FOCS’01]. In contrast to all recent developments that rely on sophisticated continuous optimization methods and dynamic algorithms, our algorithm is simple: it requires only a simple graph decomposition and elementary combinatorial tools. In fact, ours is the first combinatorial algorithm for negative-weight SSSP to break through the classic $O(m \sqrt{n} \log W)$ bound from over three decades ago [Gabow and Tarjan SICOMP’89].

Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow in Almost-Linear Time

• L. Chen, Rasmus Kyng, Yang P. Liu, Richard Peng, M. Gutenberg, Sushant Sachdeva

• 2022 IEEE 63rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)

• March 1, 2022

We give an algorithm that computes exact maximum flows and minimum-cost flows on directed graphs with m edges and polynomially bounded integral demands, costs, and capacities in $m^{1+o(1)}$ time. Our algorithm builds the flow through a sequence of $m^{1+o(1)}$ approximate undirected minimum-ratio cycles, each of which is computed and processed in amortized $m^{o(1)}$ time using a new dynamic graph data structure. Our framework extends to algorithms running in $m^{1+o(1)}$ time for computing flows that minimize general edge-separable convex functions to high accuracy. This gives almost-linear time algorithms for several problems including entropy-regularized optimal transport, matrix scaling, p-norm flows, and p-norm isotonic regression on arbitrary directed acyclic graphs.

Dynamic Algorithms for Maximum Matching Size

• Soheil Behnezhad

• ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms

• July 15, 2022

We study fully dynamic algorithms for maximum matching. This is a well-studied problem, known to admit several update-time/approximation trade-offs. For instance, it is known how to maintain a 1/2-approximate matching in $\log^{O(1)} n$ update time or a $2/3$-approximate matching in $O(\sqrt{n})$ update time, where $n$ is the number of vertices. It has been a long-standing open problem to determine whether either of these bounds can be improved. In this paper, we show that when the goal is to maintain just the size of the matching (and not its edge-set), then these bounds can indeed be improved. First, we give an algorithm that takes $\log^{O(1)} n$ update-time and maintains a $.501$-approximation ($.585$-approximation if the graph is bipartite). Second, we give an algorithm that maintains a $(2/3 + \Omega(1))$-approximation in $O(\sqrt{n})$ time for bipartite graphs. Our results build on new connections to sublinear time algorithms. In particular, a key tool for both is an algorithm of the author for estimating the size of maximal matchings in $\widetilde{O}(n)$ time [Behnezhad; FOCS 2021]. Our second result also builds on the edge-degree constrained subgraph (EDCS) of Bernstein and Stein [ICALP'15, SODA'16]. In particular, while it has been known that EDCS may not include a better than 2/3-approximation, we give a new characterization of such tight instances which allows us to break it. We believe this characterization might be of independent interest.

Dynamic Matching with Better-than-2 Approximation in Polylogarithmic Update Time

• Sayan Bhattacharya, P. Kiss, Thatchaphol Saranurak, David Wajc

• ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms

• July 15, 2022

We present dynamic algorithms with polylogarithmic update time for estimating the size of the maximum matching of a graph undergoing edge insertions and deletions with approximation ratio strictly better than $2$. Specifically, we obtain a $1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\epsilon\approx 1.707+\epsilon$ approximation in bipartite graphs and a $1.973+\epsilon$ approximation in general graphs. We thus answer in the affirmative the major open question first posed in the influential work of Onak and Rubinfeld (STOC'10) and repeatedly asked in the dynamic graph algorithms literature. Our randomized algorithms also work against an adaptive adversary and guarantee worst-case polylog update time, both w.h.p. Our algorithms are based on simulating new two-pass streaming matching algorithms in the dynamic setting. Our key new idea is to invoke the recent sublinear-time matching algorithm of Behnezhad (FOCS'21) in a white-box manner to efficiently simulate the second pass of our streaming algorithms, while bypassing the well-known vertex-update barrier.

New Diameter-Reducing Shortcuts and Directed Hopsets: Breaking the $\sqrt{n}$ Barrier

• Shimon Kogan, Merav Parter

• ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms

• November 25, 2021

For an n-vertex digraph G = (V, E), a shortcut set is a (small) subset of edges H taken from the transitive closure of G that, when added to G guarantees that the diameter of G ∪ H is small. Shortcut sets, introduced by Thorup in 1993, have a wide range of applications in algorithm design, especially in the context of parallel, distributed and dynamic computation on directed graphs. A folklore result in this context shows that every n-vertex digraph admits a shortcut set of linear size (i.e., of O(n) edges) that reduces the diameter to1 . Despite extensive research over the years, the question of whether one can reduce the diameter to with Õ(n) shortcut edges has been left open. We provide the first improved diameter-sparsity tradeoff for this problem, breaking the diameter barrier. Specifically, we show an O(nω)-time randomized algorithm2 for computing a linear shortcut set that reduces the diameter of the digraph to Õ(n1/3). This narrows the gap w.r.t the current diameter lower bound of Ω(n1/6) by [Huang and Pettie, SWAT'18]. Moreover, we show that a diameter of O(n1/2) can in fact be achieved with a sublinear number of O(n3/4) shortcut edges. Formally, letting S(n, D) be the bound on the size of the shortcut set required in order to reduce the diameter of any n-vertex digraph to at most D, our algorithms yield: S(n, D) = { Õ(n2/D3), for D ≤ n1/3, Õ((n/D)3/2), for D > n1/3 . We also extend our algorithms to provide improved (β, ∊) hopsets for n-vertex weighted directed graphs.

Doubly Efficient Private Information Retrieval and Fully Homomorphic RAM Computation from Ring LWE

• Wei-Kai Lin, Ethan Mook, Daniel Wichs

• Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing

• June 2, 2023

A (single server) private information retrieval (PIR) allows a client to read data from a public database held on a remote server, without revealing to the server which locations she is reading. In a doubly efficient PIR (DEPIR), the database is first preprocessed, but the server can subsequently answer any client’s query in time that is sub-linear in the database size. Prior work gave a plausible candidate for a public-key variant of DEPIR, where a trusted party is needed to securely preprocess the database and generate a corresponding public key for the clients; security relied on a new non-standard code-based assumption and a heuristic use of ideal obfuscation. In this work we construct the stronger unkeyed notion of DEPIR, where the preprocessing is a deterministic procedure that the server can execute on its own. Moreover, we prove security under just the standard ring learning-with-errors (RingLWE) assumption. For a database of size N and any constant ε>0, the preprocessing run-time and size is O(N1+ε), while the run-time and communication-complexity of each PIR query is polylog(N). We also show how to update the preprocessed database in time O(Nε). Our approach is to first construct a standard PIR where the server’s computation consists of evaluating a multivariate polynomial; we then convert it to a DEPIR by preprocessing the polynomial to allow for fast evaluation, using the techniques of Kedlaya and Umans (STOC ’08). Building on top of our DEPIR, we construct general fully homomorphic encryption for random-access machines (RAM-FHE), which allows a server to homomorphically evaluate an arbitrary RAM program P over a client’s encrypted input x and the server’s preprocessed plaintext input y to derive an encryption of the output P(x,y) in time that scales with the RAM run-time of the computation rather than its circuit size. Prior work only gave a heuristic candidate construction of a restricted notion of RAM-FHE. In this work, we construct RAM-FHE under the RingLWE assumption with circular security. For a RAM program P with worst-case run-time T, the homomorphic evaluation runs in time T1+ε · (|x| + |y|).

The Randomized 𝑘-Server Conjecture Is False!

• Sébastien Bubeck, Christian Coester, Y. Rabani

• Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing

• November 10, 2022

We prove a few new lower bounds on the randomized competitive ratio for the k-server problem and other related problems, resolving some long-standing conjectures. In particular, for metrical task systems (MTS) we asympotically settle the competitive ratio and obtain the first improvement to an existential lower bound since the introduction of the model 35 years ago (in 1987). More concretely, we show: (1) There exist (k+1)-point metric spaces in which the randomized competitive ratio for the k-server problem is Ω(log2 k). This refutes the folklore conjecture (which is known to hold in some families of metrics) that in all metric spaces with at least k+1 points, the competitive ratio is Θ(logk). (2) Consequently, there exist n-point metric spaces in which the randomized competitive ratio for MTS is Ω(log2 n). This matches the upper bound that holds for all metrics. The previously best existential lower bound was Ω(logn) (which was known to be tight for some families of metrics). (3) For all k<n∈, for all n-point metric spaces the randomized k-server competitive ratio is at least Ω(logk), and consequently the randomized MTS competitive ratio is at least Ω(logn). These universal lower bounds are asymptotically tight. The previous bounds were Ω(logk/loglogk) and Ω(logn/loglogn), respectively. (4) The randomized competitive ratio for the w-set metrical service systems problem, and its equivalent width-w layered graph traversal problem, is Ω(w2). This slightly improves the previous lower bound and matches the recently discovered upper bound. (5) Our results imply improved lower bounds for other problems like k-taxi, distributed paging, and metric allocation. These lower bounds share a common thread, and other than the third bound, also a common construction.

Locally testable codes with constant rate, distance, and locality

• Irit Dinur, Shai Evra, R. Livne, A. Lubotzky, S. Mozes

• Proceedings of the 54th Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing

• November 8, 2021

A locally testable code (LTC) is an error correcting code that has a property-tester. The tester reads q bits that are randomly chosen, and rejects words with probability proportional to their distance from the code. The parameter q is called the locality of the tester. LTCs were initially studied as important components of probabilistically checkable proofs (PCP), and since then the topic has evolved on its own. High rate LTCs could be useful in practice: before attempting to decode a received word, one can save time by first quickly testing if it is close to the code. An outstanding open question has been whether there exist “c3-LTCs”, namely LTCs with constant rate, constant distance, and constant locality. In this work we construct such codes based on a new two-dimensional complex which we call a left-right Cayley complex. This is essentially a graph which, in addition to vertices and edges, also has squares. Our codes can be viewed as a two-dimensional version of (the one-dimensional) expander codes, where the codewords are functions on the squares rather than on the edges.

Asymptotically good Quantum and locally testable classical LDPC codes

• Pavel Panteleev, G. Kalachev

• Proceedings of the 54th Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing

• November 5, 2021

We study classical and quantum LDPC codes of constant rate obtained by the lifted product construction over non-abelian groups. We show that the obtained families of quantum LDPC codes are asymptotically good, which proves the qLDPC conjecture. Moreover, we show that the produced classical LDPC codes are also asymptotically good and locally testable with constant query and soundness parameters, which proves a well-known conjecture in the field of locally testable codes.